
                         .

      ⢥  㣮 ࠢ ।  -
   㪮 砫,   .21    ਫ:"
ﭨ,  ᮢ蠥  ᮮ  㯯  (蠩,  ,  ⮫-
),뢠  ᯮ⥫, ⠪  ४⥫  ᮡ-
". । ᮤন  ਧ:㯯   ᮢ襭
 㯫 ᮮ. ࠧ ꥪ⨢ ஭ -
    ࠪਧ. ᮢ६ 窨 ७  -
।  १୮ 㧪,  ⠪     ⠢﫮  
।  ᮢ ﭨ 㯭,  ⠢-
 㯯.   ⠪  ᫨誮 ப,  ᪮ ࠢ 
㯭 㯯 稭 ⮫ - 祭  ,  -
饥 饩 ࠧ⥫쭮 ᨫ , ꥪ⨢  ᯠﭭ.
      ࠡ , 믮   饩   -
ᮢ 1922  1926 .,  ⨫ 直 室  । -
.  । २⢥  㤥﫮 ꥪ-
⨢ ਧ ᮢ⭮ ⥫쭮.  ꥪ⨢  ਧ
 㪠뢠,  ⨥ ਧ    ஦-
 㯫.   ⫨  ᭮ ⠪ 室
ࠦ      䨨   ..ࠩ   "祭     ⨨"
.,1941.設⢮ 祭 ਧ ⨬ ⮫쪮    -
  㯫.⭮  ﭨ  ⮬  栫
,   뤥﫠  ⢥ 饣 ਧ .
ࠧ⮩  ࠪ⨪ ꥪ⨢ ஭ ⫨砫 ।-
  ..⪮᪮.    ४     ⨥
"諥 ⨥   ᪮쪨   ᮢ襭 諥-
 㯫"(;).
      楫  ᪨ 뫨 蠣 ।.   稫 ᭮-
 ⠪ ⢥      ,  ᮢ⭮  
諥 ࠪ 㯭 ﭨ,   ਧ ,-
 易  , ᯮ짮  ࠪ⨪ -
 ࠧ஧.
      1958   ⢥ 㣮 ⥫⢥  -
  । .  .1 .17 ᭮  ।-
﫮  "諥 ᮢ⭮ ⨥       -
襭 㯫". ᮦ ,   । 室
⪮   筮  ⮫    .쪮
⨬ ,⭮,   ᭨ ,  뫪  ⥫-
 ।   ᭮뢠 ࠫ쭮 ⨢-
        ஦
㯫.,  ..࣮த᪨ ⢥ত,   "饥
⥫⢮...  ᮢ襭 ࠢ쭮 蠥   -
   ஦ 㯫".     ६  ,
 ..蠥  ..ਣ, 窠 ७   -
  ஦ 㯫 ⨢ ⥫쭮-
 ।     㡫 1958 .
            ࠪ  ꥪ⨢  裡
 ⭨ 㯫  ।   -
. 祭 ,  ⠪    ஭-
,      ⮫쪮 ࣠ ,४⥫  ᮡ
 _  㯭 ⥫쭮 ᯮ⥫   -
_⢮ ᮢ⭮  , .  ᯮ⥫    -
 ⥫쭮     ६ ⢮ ᮢ⭮
  .㣨   ,,   ,   ⨨ 
। ஫    ஭   ᯮ⥫
  拉  砥       ᮥ襩 ⥫쭮
४⥫  ᮡ.
       ⢠     饬  --
  ⥫쭮  ।    㭨ᠫ,
墠뢠騬  砨 ᮢ襭 㯫 ᪮쪨 -
    ⮫쪮   ,    -
   । ஫.   ਮ-
.    襭   室  ᥬ ஡ -
    ᠬ    饩 ,  ॣ㫨 
.
        ࠧ뢭 易  饩 樥 -
   㯫  ⥬ ⢥  㣮-
  ࠢ.  ⥮ਨ  㣮 ࠢ ᫮  訥
樨 .    室  ਧ -
 (ᠬ⥫쭮, ਤ筮) ࠪ , -
 - ᬠਢ ⨥  ᠬ⥫   -
 ⥫쭮. ।    権 
楫  ⥭  祭.᪨   㣮  ࠢ
  ⠥  ᭮  ᮬ    
⮬,  ᫥   ஢ ⮣  室  
ਧ    ୮ ࠪ   ਧ 
 ᠬ⥫쭮    㯭  ⢨.⮬  
ᮬ ᫥   襭  ஡.  ᭮-
騬 ਭ樯 ⢥ 㣮  ࠢ  
㠫쭠 ⢥⢥   ᮢ襭 ﭨ, ᮤ-
饥 ⠢ 㯫.  ਬ⥫쭮     
  砥,   ᭮ ⢥⢥  ⭨
   ⢨ ᯮ⥫,    ⢨  ᮢ襭  
筮. ⠭  饩  㥬 ⢨ ࣠-
஢,  ४⥫  ᮡ, ⥫ ⥬ ᠬ , 
稥  । ꥪ⨢  ꥪ⨢ ᫮ ,ࠢ-
  ⢨  ⢨ ᯮ⥫. ࠧ,  -
ᨩ᪮ 㣮 ࠢ ⮨   ᠬ⥫쭮 ⢥-
⢥ ⭨.ୠ ⥮ ਧ ᮢ᪨
祭묨, ᪨ ⨢ ,㠧.⠥ ⠪,  
 ⥮  ᪫砥 ⢥⢥   , ⠪  
ਤ ⥫쭮  ⭨, ஬ ᯮ⥫, ᠬ-
⥫쭮 祭.
     ,   㦥  ਫ  ࠭,  ᬠਢ ⥮ਨ
 ⢮ ⥭., .., 㤥訩 讥 -
 ᫥   ୮ த ,  -
:"⢥ ,  ,   뢠 ୮ த
,  ⠢  祣- ࣠᪨ 楫.  㠧
㪥    ୮.
         )ண ୮,   -    ᢮-
   - 稭 ᯮ⥫ 㯫;
         )᪠ ୮,    ।,  
  ⨥    ।      ।
ᠭ樨, ⠭    ﭨ;
         )୮  ,    ॡ, ⮡
⥯ 㥬 ⭨ ।﫠  ⥯ -
 ᯮ⥫;
         ) ୮  ⥯ 襭 ﭨ;
         )஢ ୮, 魮 ன ᢮-
   ⮬,   㥬    易  -
襭 ⨢ࠢ ﭨ  ,  祬      -
-  ."(;)
     ᭮묨 뢮 ਭ樯 ୮  
,    ⭨   ⢥⢥  ᢮ ⢨
  稨 㥬 ⢨ ᯮ⥫,    , -
㥬 ⭨ । ⮩ 쥩  -
,   ।ᬠਢ ⢨ ᯮ⥫. ࢮ  
 砥,   ୠ ⥮   ࠩ ࠦ -
⠢   ।  㥬    ⢨  ࣠஢,
४⥫  ᮡ.⮬,  ⮡  -  -
  ,  ᫥⢨  뫠    祭  
।⢥ ᯮ 㯫.
      .. ⠥,  "ᮢ᪮ 㣮 ࠢ -
  ਧ ᪮ ୮,   ᥣ -
⢥  த      㯫."(;)  C
ਧ ୮ த   ..,   ⠪
 ᪮  ঠ,  易  뢮:  ⠢ -
㯫 믮 ।⢥ ᯮ⥫, ⠫묨 
⭨ ᠬ ⠢ 㯫  믮,    -
⢨   । ⠢.  뢮 ஭ -
୮ த   ਥ묨.
         ⥮ਨ ୮    ⢥࣠
設⢮ ⢥ 祭...砪 ⠥,   "
  ୮ ,  ᫨    -
ᨬ  ࣠,  ४⥫  ᮡ  ⥯ -
⢫ ᯮ⥫ 㯭 ७".(;71)४⥫
  ਢ  ४⥫⢮  祭 㡨-
, ᫨ ᯮ⥫  襫  ਣ⮢  . ⮬
  ࣠,   ४⥫,  ᮡ   䠪-
᪨ 믮 ᯮ⥫  ꥬ ., ᫨ -
  ୮   ⮬,   ⢨ -
 室 ᢮ ࠦ  㯭 ﭨ, ।ᬮ७
ମ ᮡ ,  १  ﭨ ᯮ⥫, 
    뢠  ࠦ    -
   ᯮ७...⪮᪨ ⬥砫,    ⨨ 
। ஫ ⤥ ⭨,   ࠢ,   
  ᥣ,  ਢ    㣮 ⢥⢥  ⮩ 
 ᮡ ,   ன ਢ  ᯮ⥫, 
㪠   17,  ⮬,   ⮬ ᫥   
ᨬ ⢥⢥ ⭨  㯫,  ᮢ-
襭 ᯮ⥫,   ୮ ࠪ  -
 .
      ୠ  ⥮   ਢ   ᪫祭
⨢ ਭ樯 ᨩ᪮ 㣮 ࠢ.ਭ樯 -
⥫쭮  ⢥⢥ ⭨  饥 -
 ⢥⢥ ⭨  ஢쭮 ⪠  -
⥫;  ௨祭 ᯮ⥫  ⢥⢥  ᨫ
   ⥫ (㬥,   ᪨ -
㭨⮬  ..).஬ ⮣,  ਬ,   稨 宦
 ᮤঠ ᫠ ⭨,    ஭,  ᮤ-
 ᫠ ᯮ⥫ -  㣮,   ⢥⢥
 ࠧ ⠢   ⮣  㯫. 筠 -
䨪     ⮣,  ᯮ⥫ 㯫
 ।묨 묨 ᢮⢠,  騬   ⢥-
⢥,  ᫨    ᢮⢠    ⭨.  
,,   ਭ樯  㣮 ⢥⢥ -
४⥫  ᮡ  ᯥ譮  ⥫쭮.
      ⥮ਨ 㣮 ࠢ ஫   ࠪ-
  -ࠧ.筮 ⮫뢠 ᮮ⭮襭 .  17(32) 
ଠ ᮡ    .      
ਭ樯쭮  祭  襭 ஡ ꥬ  -
   ଥ 饩 .
          窨  ७.    ஭ ନ
"⨥"   砨 ᮢ⭮   ᪮쪨
  ᮢ襭  㯫,    㣮 -   -
  ࠭祭  ⠪ ᮢ⭮ ⥫쭮,  
 ⭨ ஢ । ஫.ਬ⥫쭮 
⮬ ஬, ࠭祭  ,   -
⨥  " ᭮",  " 㧪" ᫥ ᫮    "᫮"
⨨. ,  ⨥  㧪 ᫥  
砥   ப  .騬    -
।   ,      ᮢ襭
 㯫 ਭ ⨥   襥 ᫮ .-
⥫  ਧ   ᭮ ᫥ ᫮ 
। 㭪権  ⭨, த  -
⥫쭮. ਬ⥫쭮  ⨬    ⥫  -
 ᯥ樠 ਤ-孨᪨ ਥ: 뤥  
᢮ த  ࠧ 㯫 ⥫쭮 ࣠-
஢,  ४⥫   ᮡ     ⢥⢥
  ॣ㫨  饩  㣮 . -
묨  祭묨,   ⭮ ..࣮த᪨,   뢮 
⮬,  "  ,   ⢨   , ᮢ-
訢  ᮢ⭮ 㯫,   ⠢,  ।ᬮ७
쥩 ᮡ ,   䨪樨  ﭨ   
  ".(;)..砪 ⠪ ⠥,   "-
祭 .17 ᭮...  砥   ⮬,  ⮡  ॣ㫨஢
  ⢥⢥ ,  ⥫쭮   墠뢠-
 ᯮﬨ ⥩ ᮡ "(;)  ⢥ত -
  뫠  ,   ⠫   17  
᫮  ⨨  । ஫   ⭨-
.  ⥫⢮,     17(32) ⨥ ।
⮫쪮 ,          -
,   ࠢ뢠 ⠪: ⢥⢥  , ᮢ訢 -
㯫   ⢥  ᮨᯮ⥫,    ⠪  ,  
⭨  㯭 ࣠樨,  אַ । ﬨ
ᮡ ,   ⮬ ᯥ樠 ⥫쭮   
饩   ॡ.
      ⫨稥  㪠 ஢ ..쭮 ⠥  ,
       ⢥砥  -
  ᯥ᪮   㯭  ﭨ.⨥  
    -  㯫, -
 ᮡ  㣮 ⥫⢠. ⭨,
    ࣠   ᯮ⥫,  ४⥫  ᮡ-
,ਭ騩 ⨥  㡨⢥  ࠦ,ᮢ蠥 ⮫쪮 -
    㯫,   ᮢ蠥   ᢮ࠧ ଥ,
ਮ饩  祭  । 浪   ।
⢥⢥   ᮢ⭮      .⨪   
..࣮த᪮  ⮬ , 㯭 ﭨ 㯯 ,  -
砥  ⨥,    ᮢ襭  । ᫮
㯫 ᪮쪨 栬,..쭮 뫠    ,
ᮣ᭮  .  2      ࠭   ﭨ,
।ᬮ७ ᮡ   ⮬ 饥 । -
   ࠭   砨 諥 ᮢ-
 㯭 ⥫쭮.  ⥫쭮,  .17(32)  諨
  ࠪ  騥  ਧ ᮢ⭮ 㯭 -
⥫쭮.(;)
     ..砪   ᢮   ࠡ  㬥 ᯠ-
ਢ ⥬,  .8, 뢠 ⨥ ᫠,  ਬ
 㯫,   ᮮ⢥⢨  ᮤঠ騬  
ᮡ  㪠ﬨ   ᮢ襭 ⮫쪮  -
஦.  10,⠭   ண  -
㯠 㣮 ⢥⢥ ⮦  襬  ᬮ७
⢮  ᥮魮     (ਬ,  .210  ,
ᯥ樠 ꥪ 㯫).      
饥 ࠢ  ७樨 饩  ᯥ樠쭮 .
      ࠧ,   ।  室  ०
ᥣ 筨,  祬  :  ⨨  த ⨨,
墠뢠饬  砨 ᮢ⭮ 諥 ᮢ襭  
   栬  㯫,    ⨨  
⨨,  ..   ⨨  । ஫,  ᮡ⢥ 
।饬 稥 ᯥ樠 ⥫ ⠭,
ॣ㫨 ⢥⢥ ,         ਭ
    ᮢ襭  ⢨,  ࠧ ꥪ⨢ ஭
⠢ 㯫, ।ᬮ७ ᮡ ,  ᢮
⨢ࠢ ⥫쭮 ᫮ ᮢ襭 㯫
ᯮ⥫." ᮢ⭮ ᬮ७ 室      ᨫ
魮  鸞 ꥪ⨢  ꥪ⨢ ⮢,  ⠪   ᨫ
⮤᪮ 楫ᮮࠧ"(;)...砪 ,  "
뫮   ⥮ਨ 㣮 ࠢ ஢ । -
   ન   ࠧ稥 ), ⠪  -
, 饣 ⮬ 饩 "(;).
      ⥮ਨ 㣮 ࠢ ࠧ筮  ⮫뢠  ﭨ
   ⥯ ⢥ ᭮ 㯫.ਧ-
  ⥫⢮,  ᥣ 騬 ᭮ -
㯫,    ஢ 㥬 ᮢ⭮ -
 㯭. , ᫨ 室  ⮣,   -
  ᭮ 㯫,   祬 ਭ  -
  祭 . 㦤 ᯥ樠⮢  ⮬ -
 ᢮  ६ 窠 ७. ᪠뢠  , -
 ⨥      ਧ    ᭮  ମ
㯫, 饩 襭 ⢥⢥.㣨 ,
 ⨥  ᨫ   ᫠ ⢥⢥,   -
    騬  騬 ⥫-
.  設⢮ ᫥⥫ 室  ⮬,    ⨥
        ,   蠥 ⢥ ᭮
㯫.ࠢ  ﭨ,  ᮢ襭 筮, -
⨥  ᭮ ⥬,   ᫮  প ᭨-
 ﭨ ᤥন 䠪஢  ,  १  ⠥
⮢   ࠢ襭 ,    稭 
寧 䨧᪨  ਠ ,   ७묨 -
  ᯮᮡ  ᮢ襭  㯫   ਥ ᮪ 
᫥.  ᨩ᪮ 㣮 ⥫⢥    ,
   ⨥    騬 -
⥫⢮.祭 ⠪ த ⥫  ண  -
।  뢠騬.  ⨥  楫  室  
祭.㤥 ࠪ⨪   砥,  筮
騩  㯭      ⮩ 㯭
६,   㯯 , ᮢ 筮 㯫-
.  ࠧ,   ᭮ 뢠 窠 ७,
ᮣ᭮ ன ⨥ 㡫  ⢥⢥    
।  ᫮.뢠  ᫮  饩  ᮡ-
  㣮 .᭮ . 39   騬
⥫⢮ ਧ ᮢ襭 㯫 ࣠
㯯,   ⠪ ४⥫⢮ ᮢ襭⭨  ᮢ-
 㯫..63   ⭮  ⠪ ⥫⢠ ⠪-
 ᮢ襭 㯫  ⠢ 㯯 ,  㯯    
।⥫쭮 ᣮ,  㯭 ᮮ⢠,  ਢ祭 
ᮢ襭 㯫 ,   ࠤ 殮묨 -
 ன⢠ , 室  ﭨ ﭥ  , 
⨣ ,   ண    㣮  ⢥⢥-
,    ⠪  ᮡ ⨢ ஫  ᮢ襭 㯫.
ଠ ᮡ  襭 ᭮   -
 ࠦ  ᯮᮡ. -,⨥ 㪠  -
⢥ 易⥫쭮  鸞 ᮡ 寧 ﭨ:⨧
(.77  ;  .  209  )  .208,210    .--
,    拉 ⠢ 㯫    騬
ਧ, ॡ騬  䨪樨 㯫  -
祭  ண .
        ᮬ  맢訬 ᯮ  ⠬ 
  ᭮ 㣮 ⢥⢥  ⨨.  -
饯ਭ ⠥ ,   ⠢ 㯫  -
⢥ ᭮ 㣮 ⢥⢥,  砥 㭨-
ࠫ쭮  ਭ樯. ⮣ ᫥,   ⠢ -
 㯠  ⢥  ᭮  㣮  ⢥⢥
   祭 㯫,  ⠪   祭 -
㯫   ⨨.
     ⨢ ⮩  楯樨    ⢥   㬥⮢
뫠  ,    ਭ樯 ਬ   
 㯫  祭 㯭 ⥫쭮,  ,  
 ,  ⢨  ⠢ 㯫 .
      窠 ७ ᭮  ⮬,   ⠢ 㯫
  ⮫쪮 ਬ⥫쭮  ଠ ᮡ  㣮-
 .
     ஡  㯨ࠥ   騩  -   ᮮ⭮襭
     ࠢ.  ⭮  । -
饩 ⥮ਨ ࠢ.設⢮ ⮢ ,  ଠ ࠢ -
  ᮢ  ﬨ ,   ᯮ  -
쪨  ,  , ᪮쪮  -   ,
  ᢮⢥ ⢥ 㣮 ࠢ.
     ਬ⥫쭮  㣮-ࠢ ଠ   砥,  
ଠ । ⠢ ⮣   㯫,   易-
⥫쭮  ⥪㠫쭮 ᮢ    쥩  ᮡ  -
.     ,      ﭨ 㠫쭮
饣 ,  㥬 ⮫쪮      ᮡ
,  ଠ ࠢ, ।  ⠢ 㯫, ᫠-
  㬬 ਧ, 㪠  ⮩  ᮡ ,
 ਧ 饩 ., ⨥ 㯫,   
।  .14   ,  ࠭    
㯫. ,  ண 稭 㣮 ⢥-
⢥.      ᮡ  ⥫ ᯥ-
쭮  ⮣   ॣ㫨. ࠢ ।  
ਧ,      ꥪ 㯫, 
 室  ⢥   ⮢ ⮩ ஭ ⠢
㯫.筮 ⮨    ଠ .  -
砥,   ࠢ ଠ, । ⠢ 㯫 -
㠫쭮 饣 ,   ᨭ⥧஢  ਧ
⭮  ᮡ ,  ன । ꥪ
⥫⢠   ᯮ樨 ன ᮤন ᠭ ਧ-
  ꥪ⨢ ஭ ⠢ 㯫,   ਧ 饩
 ࠪਧ ꥪ 㯫      ꥪ⨢
஭.     ᮡ  㪠뢠 ଠ  
 ० - ᯥ樠 ਧ,  ⭮騥  ꥪ -
.
      ࠢ,  易  ꥪ⮬ 㯫,  -
  饩  ⮬ ,  ਬ  楫  -
㯫.  ਧ  ꥪ⨢ ஭ ,  ⭮, ࠪ-
 㯭 ⢨  뢠  ᫥⢨,  ࠢ
⨯.ண 㠫쭮 ਧ ꥪ⨢  ஭
 室 ஢ ⮫쪮 ⥩ ᮡ ,
᪮쪮  ⠢  ⠥  室  ।ᬮ  -
⥫.  ᪠   ⭮⥫쭮 㠫쭮 ꥪ-
⨢ ஭ ᠥ ⮫쪮 砥,      -
㠫쭮 饬  ,   ᮢ襭 㯫
 ⨨,  -  ᯮ⥫᪮  ⥫쭮.⥫쭮  
⠫ ⭨ (࣠஢,  ४⥫,  ᮡ-
)  ப  筠     㯫.  
⥬  ।⢠ (ਬ, 졮) ४⥫  ᪫-
   ࠦ   㡨,   ⭮     
 㣮 㯫.
     ⮬  ⮣, ⮡   ⭮ ଥ, -
  ꥪ⨢ ஭ 㯫,    ⮫쪮  -
⥫᪮ ⥫쭮,      ४⥫⢥,  ᮡ-
⢥, ࣠᪮ ⥫쭮, ⥫   -
⥫쭮 ⭨  ࠧ.묨 ᫮, 뢠  
ᮡ    ꥪ⨢ ஭ ᯮ⥫᪮ ⥫쭮-
,⥫ ꥪ⨢ ஭  ⥫쭮  ࣠஢,
४⥫    ᮡ 뭮    ᪮  뢠
ਬ⥫쭮  ᥬ 諥 㯫.⠢  㯫-
   ⭨ ᫠  ਧ  ᮡ-
 ,  墠뢠饩 㯫,  ஬  ⢮,
ਧ    ⨨,   ਧ  ⠫ ⥩
饩, ࠧ 室   ⠢ -
㯫 (, 塞, ଠ ).
