                      
                     .





			 ᮢ ࠡ
                    ⥬ " ".




				 믮 ⥫ 24 . 㯯
				 2 ""  筮 ⤥
                                 冷 樨 娭 ..


				 ਭ ९⥫ 䥤
				 㣮 ࠢ  ਬ
                                 ⥭ 樨
				 쭨 ..




			  1997

.
                                - 2 -




                              
     1. 
     2.    
     3.       ,      
 
     4.  
     5.  
     6. 
                            
     祭 㯭    樠쭮  뢠 ,
  設⢥ 砥   ⥫⢠  ᮢ-
   ,   ⥬ ꥤ ᨫ ᪮쪨 ,
ᮮ ⠢   襭 .⮬   㣮-
 ⢥⢥  ⭨  讥 ࠪ᪮ -
祭.ࠢ쭮  襭 ,    ஭,  -
।  ,   ਭ ⨥  ᮢ襭 㯫,
  㣮 -  ᭮ ਢ祭    ⢥⢥-
   䠪᪨  㯫   ᮢ訢,   訡筮
ᬠਢ   ⭨.
        ६ 㣮 ⢥⢥ ⭨  
 ᫮ ஡  㪥 㣮 ࠢ,    楢
뢠 祭   ⨨    ⠭ 祭 
⥮ਨ 㯫 (9;326). ᭮ ९  -
 ᭮ 㣮 ⢥⢥,  , 稭 裡 

                                - 3 -

..  ⢨    㯫    
  ਮ  ᢮  ᯥ䨪    㦤  ᯥ樠쭮
ᬮ७.
     ᮡ ࠪ᪮ 祭  졥    㯭  
஡ ਮ  饥 ६,    ࠭ ᫮
⨭ ᪮  :  㤠⢮ , ⢮ -
⨫ ஫  㯭.  ஫  ࣠-
 㯭  室     ਬ쭮 :
મ,ࠡ,   . 襭 ⥫
⪮  ⢥⢥ ஢  ⭨ ࣠
㯭.   ६  뢠      ६
, ᭮  ७  ⨥ ,  襥
..設᪨, 뫨    ,    ࠢ뢠
ந  ९ᨨ.

                   

     ࠭祭   ப ᫥,  த -
, 墠뢠饣  砨 ᮢ⭮       
 襣  ᫠   ᮢ襭 㯫,    
㧪 ᫥,  ᯥ樠쭮  饩  , ਧ-
 ॣ㫨஢    㣮 ⢥⢥ ,  -
, ᮢ ⢨ ,  אַ  ।ᬮ७ ﬨ  -
 ,  ᫮  㯫 㯭 १,
ࠧ뢭 易     .
     类  ,    ᮡ  ଠ - 䨪,  
筮   ᪮  樥,  ,  ⠪  ,
 ஢  ᮮ⢥⢨  ⠭묨 㪮 -
 ࠢ.

                                - 4 -

     室 ⪮ ।,   ꥪ⮬ -
樨  , 室  ⮣, ⠭  ਧ,  -
 ⪮ ࠧ ⤥ ࠧ   த-
  ,   । ᭮ .
      ,   ⮬ ᫥  ⢥ ᭠,  ᮢ⭠ -
⥫쭮  ࠪਧ ࠧ묨 ਧ. -
   ਧ ( ᨬ  ⮣ ⭮    -
⨢   ꥪ⨢  祫᪮ )  ஢,
ਤন   ,       ⪮ .
 ⠪ ࠧ  ᮢ ⢥  -
⥫쭮 ᪮쪨 ,  ࠧ ⨥.  ⮣ ,
⮡  﫮 䨪樥  ଠ, 室  -
 ⠪    ७,   ⢥
ਧ.
     ⭠ 㯭  ⥫쭮  ᨬ  ᯮᮡ
⢨  ⭨,   ᯮᮡ ᮥ ᨫ  
      㯭 ᮡ⨥ ਮ⠥ ᢮ࠧ-
 .ࠧ 砨  ࠧ   
। ,    砥 䨪 ᮢ -
㯫  㠫  ⢥⢥."ଠ    -
    ஭,  뢠 ᯮᮡ ⢨ -
, 뢠,   ࠧ 諥 ﭨ    
   ᫨    㯫"(1;107).  ଥ
   ⨯    ᫥⢥  ࠪ⨪.࣠
᫥, ᨬ    ⮣,       ⨥
"ଠ ",  室 ⠭  ,  ᪮  
⮣   筮  ஢  㯭 ⢨ -
 ⭨  । ।  ⢥⢥.

                                - 5 -

      ⥮ਨ  ⢥  㣮 ࠢ   祭,
訥 ஡ ,  㤥﫨 ᠬ 䨪樨
   ,    ⢠  冷   㣮-
-ࠢ   ⮬  .㦤 ᯥ樠⮢
   ᢮   ᭮ 窠 ७.஭-
    । ࠧ  ⨥    ।-
⥫쭮 ᮣ襭    ⨥  ।⥫ ᮣ襭.
 ᫥   室 :       
࣠ 㯯  㯭 ᮮ⢮, 㣨  
ࠧ ᠬ⥫묨 ଠ .ਢথ -
ன 窨 ७ ਧ ଠ  ᮢ⢮, -
⨥  ᭮ ᫥ ᫮ (  ⨥   ᯮ  ࠧ-
 ஫)  㯭 ᮮ⢮.
     樠, ᪠뢠騥    ਥ  ࠧ
 , 뢠 ᪮쪮 ࠧ騥 ਨ -
䨪樨 ( ⥯ ꥪ⨢ 裡,  ᮣᮢ,  ᯫ祭-
),   筮 ⮣ 室  室 襭 -  
ࠧ  ᮢ ﭨ  ࠧ  ꥪ⨢
⠬,     ⢨ ।⥫쭮 ᮣ襭
 묨. ࠧ    ᮢ⢮,
⨥  ᭮ ᫥ ᫮  㯭 ᮮ⢮ ஢-
  ࠧ   ꥪ⨢  ⠬  㯫.  
ࠥ     ࠪ⨪  ⨯ 譨 ᮡ
ࠧ 砥    ࠧ   䨪-
樨 㯫.
     ..ࠩ, ࢮ  ⢥ 䨨  -
⨨, 뤥 ᫥騥   :   ।⥫쭮
ᣮ (⮥ ⨥),  ।⥫ ᮣ襭  -

                                - 6 -

⨥ ᮡ  த.  ᭮  ਢ  䨪樨  .
ࠩ   ࠪ    ⥯ ꥪ⨢ 易
,  祭 ⠪    ᬠਢ    ⠭
ࠧ筮 樠쭮 ᭮    .(2;61) -
⮬     䨪 ⢥⮩ ମ -  ࣠-
 㯯.
      筮 樨  ..蠥  ..ਣ.  
, 䨪      ᢮ 楫 -
 ⥯ ᮮ࣠ 㯭  ࠧ  -
 ⤥  砥 ᮢ⭮ 㯭 ⥫쭮  -
. 祭,    ..ࠩ, 뢠   -
: ⨥  ।⥫쭮 ᣮ,  ⨥  ।-
⥫ ᣮ஬, ࣠ 㯯  ⨥ ᮡ -
 - 㯭 ࣠.  ஬ ⮣ ,   ࠧ -
⨥  ,    ᭮ ⮣  ࠪ 㯭
⥫쭮 ⭨.  ⮬   砨 
..蠥  ..  ਣ ࠧ  : ⮥ ⨥
( ᮨᯮ⥫⢮)   ᫮ ⨥ ( ⨥  ।-
 ஫)(3;53).
     ..⪮᪨ ⨥   த ⨥ ࠧ
 ⨥  ।⥫쭮 ᮣ襭  ⨥   ।-
⥫ ᮣ襭,  ஥  ᢮ ।   -
 ⨥,  ࣠ 㯯  㯭 ࣠樥
 . ᢮ ।,    ,  ..-
᪮,      ⮫쪮    ⨨    ᭮
᫥ ᫮,    ᮢ⢥.
      筮  ࠧ      ..-
.ન,  ⨥ ⨥  ७  -

                                - 7 -

 ஭,  ⠥ 㦭 ஢ 䨪  ᭮-
  ࠧ ஭,  ࠧ ᭮ .  ⮬
  䨪,    ᭮    ७ 裡 
⭨ 㯫,  .. ⭮   ,
  䨪,  ⥪    ࠧ筮 ࠪ -
⥫쭮 ⤥ ⭨ 㯫 -    ଠ.室
  ਥ,..   ࠧ砥   :-
⨥  ।⥫쭮 ᮣ襭   ⨥    ।-
⥫ ᮣ襭.   ᫥   ⠥ 㦭 ࠧ-
     : ⮥ ⨥  ।⥫ ᮣ-
襭  ⨥  ।⥫ ᮣ襭 饥 ࠪ
㯭 ࣠樨.ଠ    ,    ..,
     ࠧ ࠪ 㯭 ⥫쭮-
:)  ᮢ⢮    )  ⨥    ᭮  ᫥  ᫮-
.(4;200)
     ..୮  ᨬ   ࠪ  ꥪ⨢  裡
 栬   ᮢ襭 㯫 뤥  
: ⮥ ⨥ (    ᮢ⢮),  ⨥
 稨 ஭ ꥪ⨢ 裡  ⨥  -
稨  ᮣ襭   ᮢ襭 㯫  
ᯮ⥫ 㯫,    ஭, ⭨ -
㯫 -  㣮.
     ..客  ᭮ ࠧ    
   ⥫쭮 ⭨  ,  ᮮ⢥⢨ 
⨬, ଠ  ⠥ ᮢ⢮, ४⥫-
, ᮡ⢮.
     ..஢  , , ᪮ ᮤঠ 
 ⢥ ᭠ ⥫쭮        ,

                                - 8 -

ମ     ⮫쪮 ଠ ⥫쭮,  
਩ ࠧ࠭祭    砥    ⨯
ࠧ稨 ࠪ  ᮢ⭮ ⥫쭮 ⭨...-
஢ ࠧ砥   :  ᮨᯮ,  ⨥  
᭮ ᫥ ᫮  㯭 ࣠. .. ଠ ।-
 ࠧ  ᭮  :  ᮨᯮ⥫⢮
 ⨥    ᭮  ᫥ ᫮.   ࠬ ᮨᯮ⥫⢠
..ଠ 뤥 ࣠ 㯯    㯭  ᮮ-
⢮.
     ..砪   騬 ਧ,  ஬ ᫥-
 ஢    ,    
⠢ 㯫     ⭨,  ।।
, 뤥 ᫥騥  : ᮨᯮ⥫⢮, -
⨥   ᭮  ᫥  ᫮ ( । ஫)  ⨥
ᮡ த,  ।⢥ ।ᬮ७  ᮡ  
 .(2;68)
     ୮     襯᫥ 䨪権  -
    ⪨.,䨪 蠥   ਣ
⠢       ⨥    ।⥫쭮 ᣮ 
࣠ 㯯  㯭 ᮮ⢮ , ⮣  
 ६  ᫮    䨪樨  魮 
⢮ ᭮,   ⠪ ,  童   
᪫   㣠.᫨    ࢮ   ன  ,
室   䨪,  騬  ᭮    ६
ᮣ襭,       ⢥  뤥  ᮢ襭
 ᭮ -  ⥯ ᮮ࣠ ⭨, -
⮩稢 ꥪ⨢ 裡  .
      ⥬    1996    35 -

                                - 9 -

    ࠧ . 祢,  ࣠-
  㯯  㯭 ᮮ⢮    ࠧ-
 㯯   ।⥫쭮 ᣮ,   ,  ᮬ-
,    ⢥ ࠪ.   ଥ -
     32, 33     -   ⨥  
। ஫.   ,    -
஢   ᭮  ᪫   㣠  ⠪
᫮  ९騥  ⢥   ᮢ-
 ᮢ襭 㯫,      ⮨    -
뢥   㣮  , ࠧ  -
 ࠢ  ࠧ  ॣ㫨஢ ⢥ -
⢨⥫쭮    楫,   筥  ७樠 㣮 -
⢥ ⭨ 㯫  楫   -
.  ⮬  ⨥ ⥫  :  ) -
⨥  ᭮ ᫥ ᫮ ( ⨥  । ஫ )
 ) ᮢ襭 㯫 㯯 ,  ⠪ ,  ᨬ
㦥  ⮫ ,   뤥,     뤥,
⠢       ࣠ 㯯  㯭 ᮮ-
⢮  ⨥ ᮡ த.  砨  ࢮ த
ॣ㫨 ﬨ 32,33 , ண த   35,  ⠪
  ᮡ .

     ,    -
                         .

      ⨨    ।  ஫  ਭ
ࠧ 㭪樨  ᮢ⭮ ﭨ:   ।⢥
ᯮ 㯫 (ᯮ⥫),  㣨 ᮤ .-

                                - 10 -

ࠪ ᮤ⢨   ,  裡  祬 ࠧ-
 ࣠  ,  ४⥫    ᮡ.  
 ଥ    ࠧ筮.易⥫    
ᯮ⥫    ᮤ饥 .ᬮ७  ࠧ-
  , 㬠,  室  ।  ࠡ.-
  ,  祭    -
⢥ 㣮 ࠢ ⮨  襭   㣮
⢥⢥  ⮫쪮 ⠪ த ⭨,   -
⥫  㯫   ਬ   -
⨨.
      ᮡ   饣   
 ᮢ⭮ ᮢ襭 㯫, ஬   -
 ᫥ ᫮,   ࠪ  ਧ.-
襭 ⢥ ᭮  㯯  㯫  祢:
  ⠥ ⭮  ᠬ ⥫-
,     , 稭 । ᫥⢨; -
 ⭮ 稭 襣 । , 祬  ᮢ襭
⮣   㯫  殬.  ⭮  -
⢥  祭  ⮩   ࠧ ਧ "㯯
"  ⠢ 㯫,  ⠭   ⮬  -
 祭 , 襭 ᠭ樨.ࠪ୮,  
६ ⢨   1960    ⭮  ᫮  (  
 ) ⢮ ⥩ ᮡ ,   ⥫
 ਧ 㯯 .
     㯯  ।⠢ ᮡ    ,    ࠧ-
⥩ ,  ⮬ ० ᥣ 室 -
 (   ) ᮢ㯭 ⠪ ,   ࠪ-
ਧ     ⨥  (ᮢ⭮,  稥   

                                - 11 -

, 諥, ᮢ襭   ⮣  㯫).᫨
   㤥 ⠭ ⢨      ,
   ⨨,  ⥬   㯯 㯫 
. ᠥ    砥,      
襩   , ᯮᮡ  㣮 ⢥⢥.
        ⥮ਨ 㣮 ࠢ   ஡-
.  ⮬ ,   客 㤠   ⠭
   ᨫ  1964    客 㤠 
 1992 ,  ⠪  客 㤠  ਬ⥫쭮 
 2 ⥩ 145.146    (5;28,390,540)  ࠧ᭨,  
㯯   饥 ⥫⢮ ᫥ ᬠਢ
  砥,   㣨 ⭨ 㯫 (  )
  뫨 ਢ祭  㣮 ⢥⢥  ᨫ ⨦-
 ⠭    塞.  ⨢-
   ,   ⭮  32 (17).     
客 㤠 ⠭  㣮  ,   -
   ⥭.
     ஭ ⠪    㯯 㯫 室
 ⮣,  襭 ᭮ ᫥    ⮫-
  ᪮   㯫,     ᪮ ꥪ-
⨢ ਧ ᯮ ⥫⢠, ᯮᮡ ⥫-
.⢨⥫쭮 ,   ᯮ짮 㯭 -
  ⭨,    ,  । 
⠥ ⭮ ⨦ 㯭 १  -
 襣 ꥬ ।.௥訩 ਭ  ᮢ蠥
⨢  ⥫⢮  ᮢ蠥   ,   ᪮-
 栬 ,   ⠪ ⨥ ௥襣  -
  .

                                - 12 -

        - ⮫쪮  業  㣮--
  -      ࠧ,  ᮢ蠥  -
 㦨  㣨 ।⮢ ᯮ㥬  ⢥ -
.   樨,      ᯮ짮  室
ࠧ   㦨  㦨,  ਣ  
 ਬ. ⠪,    ꥤ ᨫ  -
塞묨, ⭨,  ப  ॠ-
樨 㯭 ७,    ௥襣.௥-
訩 ਭ ᮢ蠥 ⨢  ⥫⢮    -
蠥  , 騬 㦨 ,    뢠 -
.
        ᭮  樨.-,    室
ࠧ ஦_ .  㦨   樥  㦨.
   ᮤﭭ  ஢  
ਧ ,  ᠭ  . ""  2  162.-, -
, ஦   㦨,  訡筮 ,   㦨
. ⠪    襭    ஢
 ࠧ,  ਧ,   饣 ਧ 
⠪  뫮.筮 ⠪      䨪樨 -
㯫, ᮢ蠥  ᪮쪨 栬.᫨  ਡ
   塞  ⭥,    ᬮ  
譥 稥 㯯 ,    饬 -
 㯫  ॠ쭮 ⢨  , ࠪਧ
㯯 ,  ।   㣮-ࠢ .砥 
㦤 ᮤﭭ  業  ࠢ  䠪᪮
訡,    襭   , ஢
 㯫.
     襭 㯫  㯯      ।⥫쭮

                                - 13 -

ᣮ (.1 .35  )   騬  ਧ  
  105,111,112,117,131,213    ..,      ᭮ 
㯫 ⨢ 筮.騥  ਧ  
ਧ  ⠢ 㯫  ᢨ⥫  쥧 -
९  ஢ ⢥ ᭮  ࠢ  ⮩,  -
  ࠦ ਧ ᭮ ⠢. ⠪ ᮢ襭
㯫 뢠 ᮨᯮ⥫⢮.ᯮ⥫⢮ -
 ⠪ ⨥,  ஬  ᮢ⭮ 騥 -
 ।⢥ 믮 ꥪ⨢ ஭ 㯫.
 ⠪ ⨥ ᮨᯮ⥫⢠   㯯  
।⥫쭮 ᣮ,  ⠪   ᮨᯮ⥫⢮ 
砨 ᮢ襭 㯫   ।⥫ ᣮ஬  
.   ࠧ, ᮢ襭 㯫 㯯   -
ᯮ⥫⢮    ।⥫쭮 ᣮ. ਧ 
ᮨᯮ⥫ 室 ,   믮   
ﭨ,  室饣  ꥪ⨢ ஭ ⠢  -
.
     襭 㯫 㯯   ।⥫쭮 ᣮ-
   ,  ⭨ ਢ  ᮢ⭮ -
襭  㯫. "।⥫ ᣮ஬",   ஬
 ,  ᫥  ७  ᮢ⭮  -
襭 㯫     栬,  
 ।⢥ ᯮ.᪮ 砫    -
㯫  ਧ  諥 ⢨ ।⢥ ࠢ-
  ᮢ襭 㯫,     襭    ,
᫥  ਧ,  ।⥫ ᣮ  ⭨
㯯 㯫      ,    
砫 ⢨,  ।⢥ ࠢ  믮 -

                                - 14 -

⨢ ஭ 㯫.᫨ ᣮ  ᮢ⭮  ᮢ-
 㯫      ।⢥ 믮
⠢ 㯫,   稢 ᢮⢮ "।⥫쭮-
" , ᫥⥫쭮, ᪫砥   .
     ⭮ 㯯  㯫  ।  믮
⭨  ⠪  ⢨,   ᮤঠ  ᥡ ਧ
ꥪ⨢  ꥪ⨢  ஭  ⠢  㯫.  .12
⠭  "  㤥 ࠪ⨪    饭 㤠-
⢥  ⢥ ⢠" 1972   客
㤠  㪠뢠,   " 饭,  ᮢ襭  ।-
⥫쭮 ᣮ 㯯  ᫥   ⠪  饭,  
஬  ⢮     ,  ࠭ ਢ 
ᮢ⭮  ᮢ襭",     ,  ਬ, ᮤ-
⢨  ᯮ⥫  ⥬  ।⠢  㤨  㯫  
.. ⨥ ( ⨥  । ஫)  -
騩 ਧ 㯯   ࠧ:   ⭨
㤥  ⢥⢥  ᮮ⢥⢨ 믮  ஫ 
ᮢ襭 㯫 - ᯮ⥫, ४⥫, ᮡ (
᫥   뫪   33). 砨 ᮢ⭮-
  ᮢ襭  㯫,     ⢮   
ᯮ⥫,   ⠪   묨 㭪ﬨ (४⥫,  -
ᮡ,  ࣠).   ⮬ 砥, ᫨ , 筮, ⠢ -
塞 㯫  騩 ਧ "ᮢ襭
㯫  ।⥫쭮 ᣮ 㯯 ", ᮨᯮ-
⥫  㣮 ⢥⢥     ਧ-
,    ⢨  ⭨  ⠪  ⮬
ਧ  뫪   33  .


                                - 15 -

                      

      ࠧ,  室  ࠪ , 믮塞 -
栬 㭪権 ࠧ  讬  ᮨᯮ⥫⢮  -
⨥  । ஫.       易
⨥ ࣠ 㯯  ?
     襭 祢,   ࣠ 㯯 ।⠢
  ᭮, 祬 㯯 ,  ।⥫쭮 -
ਢ   ᮢ襭 㯫. ⥮ਨ  ࠪ⨪ ⨥
" ࣠ 㯯" 筮 । , ࠧ묨 -
ࠬ ।  ਠ⮢ ।.  १ 
⨥  ᭮ , ᡫ  ⨥ "-
 ᮢ襭 㯫" (  蠥 ᮬ  室-
 ᯥ樠樨 ⮣  ),  १୮ 㦠, -
稢 ⮫쪮 ଠ 㯭, 室묨  ⠫᪮ 
ਪ᪮ ﬨ.
     ࣠ 㯯  ।  ᭮ -
⢨ ,  祬  ᮢ襭 㯫 㯯     
 ।⥫쭮  ᣮ. ᮮ⢥⢨   3  35
  㯫 ਧ ᮢ襭 ࣠ 㯯,
᫨  ᮢ襭 ⮩稢 㯯 , ࠭ ꥤ
 ᮢ襭   ᪮쪨 㯫. 㣮--
   ᪠뢠  ᮬ     
ࠧ࠭祭 ࣠  ࣠  㯯  -
⢨, ᮢ襭    ।⥫쭮  ᣮ,  ⠪  直
ᣮ 砥    ࣠ (4;225).   ᮬ
ࠢ ન 㤭 ࠧ ࣠   -
࣠ 㯭,     襭 ࠪ-

                                - 16 -

  ࠧ࠭祭  ⢨.饥  ⥫⢮
㪠뢠 ᫥騥  ࠧ  ࣠묨  ࣠-
묨 㯭묨 㯯:  ⮩稢 㯯    ꥤ-
   ᮢ襭     ᪮쪨 㯫,  
⠪ ।⥫ ᣮ.
      ⮩稢  ࣠  㯯  稥
ﭭ 痢  童  ᯥ᪨ ⮤  ⥫-
  ⮢  ᮢ襭   ᪮쪨 -
.⮩稢 ࣠ 㯯  ।  ।-
⥫ ७   ࣠.   ࠧ 
⫨稥    ।⥫ ᣮ஬ ⫨砥  -
襩 ⥯ ⮩稢, ᮣᮢ  ⭨.-
 ࣠ 㯯   ,  ⢮ 
ࠧࠡ⪥   ᮢ襭  㯫    ,  
    ⨢ 믮﫨 .⥫쭮 ࣠
㯯  易  । ஫,      -
砥  ᮨᯮ⥫⢮.
      ⮩  裡   ᯥ樠쭮  ࠧ稢 蠥
  䨪樨 ᮢ襭 㯫  ⠢ ࣠-
 㯭  㯯    ᨬ   㭪権  ⭨-
.  ,  ।ᬠਢ騬 ﭨ ࣠ 㯯,
設⢮ ᯥ樠⮢  ।  㯭 ⢨ 
⭨, ᮢ襭      ॠ樨  ᫮  -
.㣨    ਬ    ⮫쪮 
 ࣠ ᮨᯮ⥫⢠ 㯫.
      ਤন ⮣,   ࠢ쭥 뫮   ୮
  ७.⨥ "㯯"     ।
᫮ 㧪.  ।⢮  ⥫ 頥 -

                                - 17 -

  ⢮  㪠  ᮡ   ,
   ⥫쭮 ⮫쪮 ,  ᮧ饬 ᢮ -
  㯯.  ⮣ ꥪ⨢      砥
ᮣ襭 ᯮ⥫   ᮡ  ४⥫  ᯮ-
⥫,  室  㯯.  ᭮⥫쭮   ⭨-
 ࣠ 㯯 ⮫쪮 ,  ।⢥ 믮-
 ꥪ⨢ ஭ ⥫⢠.  ⮦⢫ ࣠-
 㯭  㯯  ᮨᯮ⥫⢮  ⢥砫  -
⥫쭮 業 ⢥ ᭮ ﭨ ࠧ -
⭨   ࠦ  䠪᪮ । ஫ 
⭨ ࣠ 㯯.
     .,쭮, ⬥ ,   ⢥⢥ ⭨
ᮣ᭮   ।  ⮬  ⮫쪮 ࠪ,   
⥯    㯫   ᪠ 襭  -
⢥ ⭨  ଠ ਧ,  -
  ஫, 㪠뢠 ,  " ࠢ  뤥ন, ᫨
,   ⢨  ।⥫쭮 ᣮ  -
ᯮ⥫ ࠧ 㯭 㯯    襭  -
⢥,   ᮢ⭠  ⥫쭮_     ᫮. ,
ਬ, ࣠  ᯮ⥫ 㯭 㯯   ᮧ-
"(1;128).
      ࠧ,  ⭨ ࣠ 㯭 㯯
   室騥     믮騥  -
 ᮣᮢ 㭪樨   ⢫ ᫠ ࣠-
 㯯.          1995
 ..  ⮢  ..  ,  㪠뢠  ਨ  .
"" .  2 . 105 ,  ᮢ襭 㯫 ࣠
㯯 "   䠪᪮ ࠧ  ஫,  

                                - 18 -

 ⭨  ࣠  㯯  ᨬ   믮塞
     㡨⢠ ஫ ਧ _  ᮨᯮ-
_⥫ﬨ..⮬ 뫪  . 33    㦭" (6;9).
      ᮨᯮ⥫⢠     ᯮ  ࠧ
஫ ࣠ 㯯 ⫨砥 ,  ⠪ ࠧ,  ᮧ-
  ᢮ ਭ  㯭 㯯.  ⮬
⢨ ᮡ  ,   室饣  ⠢ ࣠ -
,᫥ ஢   㭪  ,  ।ᬠਢ饩
⠪ ਧ,  뫪  .33  .
     㬠,   ᮢ襭  㯫  ࣠ 㯯
 뤥  ᠬ⥫       ⨥
ᮡ த, ⥬ ᠬ ᮣ  䨪樥 .. 砪.
         ६ 祢 ⪨ ⥫쭮  -
   .  뢠 ࠦ ० ᥣ
㪠  ,   ⮩稢 㯯   ꥤ  
ᮢ襭   㯫.  ⭮:     ⠪ - ᫨
㯯 ⮩稢,   祬 ꥤ ந室  ⮫쪮  
 㯫.       ਧ ⠪ "⮩稢" ,
 㯯 ᯠ ᫥ ᮢ襭   㯫  
४ ᮢ  㯭 ⥫쭮 . 客
㤠   ⠭  25 ५ 1995 . "   -
 ਬ  㤠  ⥫⢠    ⢥⢥  
㯫 ⨢ ᮡ⢥" 㪠 ,  ⠪ "㯯 -
ࠪਧ ,  ࠢ, ᮪ ஢ ࣠".
   ஢ ,   ࠧ.   ⠪ ,  "⮩-
"  㣮-ࠢ ਧ    ⥯
ଠ,  ᪮॥ 業 ,  ।। -
  樨  㤥-᫥⢥ ࠪ⨪.

                                - 19 -


                       

     㯭 ᮮ⢮   ᭮   ࠧ-
⥩  . ᭮ ⮩ ࠧ ࠪਧ-
 殮 㯫 ,  ᮢ蠥 㯭묨 ᮮ⢠-
. 㯭 ᮮ ᢮⢥  ⥯_ ᯫ祭-
_., ᮣᮢ  ⭨,   ⫨砥  ᮮ-
⢮  㣨 ࠧ⥩ .  㯭 ᮮ⢮
-  ᯫ祭 㯯 ,  ᮧ  ᮢ襭 寧 
ᮡ 寧  㯫 ,    ꥤ ࣠
㯯, ᮧ    楫.  祭 ⭨ -
㯭 ᮮ⢠  ਧ  ⮩ ࠧ -
.
   " 祭 -   樠쭮-宫᪠ ࠪ⨪
㯭 ᮮ⢠,  ࠦ 魮 ⭨  ॠ-
樨 㯭  楫.    童 㯭 ᮮ⢠ ,
 ࠢ, ந室 ࠧ ஫, 易  ᯮ짮-
 ।  ,  ࠢ  ⨦ 㯭
楫"(6;94).
     㯭 ᮮ⢮ ।⠢ ⢥  -
  ࠢ  ࣠ 㯯.   ⥬,
 㯭  ᮮ⢮  ࠪਧ ᫥ 
⭨, ࠧத ᮢ蠥 㯭  ⢨,  -
 ॣ쭮 ࠭, 騢 㣮
㯭  㬯஢묨 ।⠢⥫ﬨ  㤠⢥
 ࠢ࠭⥫  ࣠,  稥 ⢥ ᮧ
"", 饩 ᮮ⢮  ࣠ ࠢ㤨   ७-

                                - 20 -

⮢.   ⮩ ମ    筮  -
  뢠 ⨥ ࣠ 㯭  
楫.
     祢,  㯭 ᮮ⢮   ଠ  ᮢ⭮
         ⨨ 㯭 ⥫쭮.
筮  ୮  ᪠뢠  ,   -
㯭 ᮮ⢮  ।⠢ ᮡ ࠬ,   ᭮ ன
室 冷 ᯮ⥫  㯫,    -
設  (),  㪮 ⥫쭮  㯭
, ⠢ ࠬ.
        ஢ , 訥 㯥 娨 㯭
ᮮ⢠  ⤥ ⥫,  , 襭, -
ﭭ 騥    ᮢ襭 㯫  ⮬ ⭮-
  ᨮ 㯭,   ⠪  ࠢ-
, 騥 ⨢ 筨 室.  㯭-
 ᮮ⢠ ⮨ ,       ⥩. -
 - 㯭 ⥫ ⢠, , ᭮  
 - ⥫⢮,   ࠧ᪮ ࠧ  .
  ⤠  ।⢥ ᯮ⥫  믮-
 ࣠᪨ 㭪樨. 㯯 ஢ ⮨  -
㣮 㯭.    饯ਭ⮩    娨 
⮨  ࢮ. ⮩  ।⢥묨  ᯮ⥫ﬨ
室   㯯. ⠢  㯭 ࣠-
樨 㬯஢ 㤭 㤠⢥ ,  
⭮ ࠢ࠭⥫  ࣠.  㯯  ⮨  
,  ࠢ  ᮢ ।⢥ 㯫,  
믮    室  ࣠樨 㭪樨 (ࠧ-
襭 䫨 権,  ᡮ "",  ࠭ ஢  

                                - 21 -

ᯥ祭  室, ஫  ᮡ ࠤ権, 
ਠ쭮   ..).(7;114-125)
     ⮬ ᪮쪮 뢠 ࠦ ⠪ ਧ -
 ᮮ⢠  ᯫ祭,  ⠪   㪠뢠   
᭮ ⢨  ⭨  㯭 ᮮ⢠,  祬 
࣠ 㯯  ( ਧ  ⫨砥 㯭 -
⢮   ࣠ 㯯),  ⮣  童 㯭
ᮮ⢠ ᮢᥬ  易⥫쭮    㯫 -
蠥 㯭  ࣠,     楫  ।⢠,
  । "".
      ,       窠 ७  
㯭 ᮮ⢠.஭        ࠬ쭮
஥ ⢥     易⥫ ਧ 㯭
࣠樨, ⬥,  㯭     
᫮, ᫠ ⥫쭮 㯭 ନ஢-
 ,     騩 業 㪮⢠.   -
⥫쭮   ᭮뢠  ਭ樯 ᠬ࣠樨 뭪,
  ஦ ।,  娩 ᫮訥 裡 ਮ-
 ⮩稢   ﭭ ࠪ. ⢨ ⭥-
஢ ࠭稢  ࠢ 業  ᣮ஬  ஭,  
ᮢ   ᮢ  ᮢ.⤥ ⭨ 
㯯 ⭨ 㯭 ᮮ⢠ ६    ⨦
  楫,   뢠  ⥬ 楫ﬨ,  -
 । ᮡ 㣨 童 ᮮ⢠. ⮬ ᮢ -
㯭 ⥫쭮   業஬ ࠢ ᫥  ᬠ-
ਢ ⮫쪮     ⠤ 㯭 ᮮ⢠  
஢ 㣨 䠧 ࠧ.
     ਬ᪠ ࠪ⨪ 㯭 ࣠権 -

                                - 22 -

 ᤥ 뢮,    ଠ ᮢ⭮  㯭  -
⥫쭮  墠뢠 ⨥ , ९ ᥩ
 .  (.32  ) ⨥ -  "諥 ᮢ-
⭮ ⨥      ᮢ襭 諥 -
㯫".  ࠧ, ࠢ ⮬ ࠪਧ騬 -
⨥   饬  ⥫  _ ᮢ⭮,
  ன  ᮢ⭮ ⨥  ᮢ襭_   
_⮣  㯫..  ⭮  ਧ   -
ਠ ⠢ ⮨  ⮬,   :  ) ⢨  -
⭨  室 ᫮    ᮢ襭  ⢨
㣨 ⭨;  ) 㯨訩 १  騬 
   ⭨; ) ⢨  ⭨ -
室  稭 裡  騬 㯭 १⮬.   -
 ⠢ ᮢ⭮ ࠦ  ⮬ ,   :  ) -
⢨  ⭨  室 ᫮ ᮢ襭
⢨ 㣨 ⭨; ) ᮢ襭 㯫 -
   騬   ⭨.
        ᮢ⭮    । ⮫쪮  ꥪ⨢
᪮ (  ਧ ⠪     ꥪ⨢)  ⮣
筮  ⮣,  ⮡  뫮   ᮢ⭮ 
㯫,  ᮢ蠥  㯭  ᮮ⢮,  ᫨  
⭨  ᮮ⢠ 㡨,  㣮 -  ࠧ,  ⨩
砫   , ⢥ - 㯮ॡ 㦥 -
.   ,    35   , 饩 ।
㯯  ᮢ襭 㯫 ,     4  (㯭
ᮮ⢮) ,   쥩,  㪠  ਧ ᮢ⭮-
,  ⫨稥     饣   , 
 32  . 㬠  ᭮  ⭮襭 㯭 -

                                - 23 -

⢠ ॡ 樠쭮 ࠧ᭥.
     ⥫쭮 ⠪    饭 ⥫ ࠪ⨪
㯭 ᮮ⢠    ᮢ襭 㯫 㯯
. ⨥ 㯯,   ࠪ  宫  ਬ-
  㣮 ࠢ,   ਬ  㯯  , 㯯 
 ।⥫쭮 ᣮ, ࣠ 㯯,    -
㯭 ᮮ, ⭨ ண  ࠧ筮 -
㯭 ⥫쭮.    ⮦ ᮮ⢮  室 -
⥫ ᮡ⢥,  묮⥫,  襭,  ⪮⥫  
⪮⥫, 㡨,  ࠡ  ..    -
  ,  ⭠ ⥫쭮  窨 ७ -
饣 㣮  ⥫⢠  ⠥ 㯭 (࠭-
, ࠭⥫ , 吝  ..). 㯯  ⤥ -
⭨   室   ࠧ ॣ ࠭   
祣   㣥 ( ᫨   易  室 ঠ
痢  न樨 ⥫쭮).⢥,   -
  ன ਧ 㯯  - ᮧ ᮢ⭮  -
⢨. ⭨  㯭  ᮮ⢠  ᮧ ᢮ -
⥫쭮   -  ⥫쭮 ।⢥  易-
   .
       (.4 .35  ) । 㯭  ᮮ⢮
१  ࣠ 㯯  ਧ ᯫ祭,   -
 ,  ᮮ⢥ 䠪᪮     ࠦ
 ⢨⥫ ⢥ ᭮. 砥, -
 ᮮ⢮  ࣠ 㯯 ⮫쪮     ᯫ-
祭,     業 ਧ,  㪠뢠騩  ⥯
⮣,  㦥 ,   ஡  ਬ 㣮-ࠢ-
 .   ⥫쭮 । 㯭

                                - 24 -

ᮮ⢠,     ꥤ ࣠  㯯,
   ,     ࠦ 魮 ⮣ , 
 뫮   㯭 ᮮ⢮     
⤥ ⭨.
     , 䠪᪨ ⥫쭮 㯭 ᮮ⢠ -  
 ᮢ㯭  ⢨  ⤥ ,   ᮢ⭠ -
⥫쭮. ᮢ⭮   ᪮쪮    ࠪ,  祬
ᮢ⭮   ⢨ ࣠ 㯯.  ⭨ -
㯭 ᮮ⢠ (  㯯 ⭨),  ᮢ 㯫-
, ᫥ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ 楫,    ᮢ
 ,   ࠢ  ᮢ  楫ﬨ,  ᫥ 㣨
⭨ ᮮ⢠,  㣨  㯯.⮬    ,
 ,  㯭 ᮮ⢮ 㦭 ⭮   -
, ।    ⨥   ᮢ⭮ ⨥
    _ ⨨  㯭  ⥫쭮..  ଠ
   ⮥ ⨥,   ண -
 뭥    㫨஢  ,   ࣠
㯯  㯭 ᮮ⢮(7;316).
      ࠧ,   ,  ᤥ 뢮,  -
 㯭 ᮮ⢠  饩  饣 -
    蠥,    ⭮ ᮤঠ-
  㯭 ⥫쭮 㯭 ᮮ⢠  饩 
 ।⠢   ᨫ  ࠧࠧ   稢-
,    㣮 ⢥⢥   ⨥  -
 ⥫쭮  - .  ⮬  ஥  -
⥫⢠    㣮  ⢥⢥    㯭
 ⮫쪮 ⥬ 祭  ᮡ  ᠬ⥫
, ।ᬠਢ 㥬 ⮣    -

                                - 25 -

 ᮮ⢠,   ਭ樯  ᤥ ⥫.

                           
      ⮣ ᠭ ࠡ,   ᪠,   ஡
     㣮  ࠢ 室   ⮪ ᢮
᫥.     । 易  ࠧ⨥   
襣  ⢠  ࣠ 㯭. 襭 ⮩
஡ ⮨  । ⥫    㪮,  ⠪    ।
ࠪ᪨ ࠡ⭨.
     졠  ࣠ 㯭 ।  㡮
ਬ᪨   ᠬ ,  ⥬ ⭮ -
      ,    ⥬  த㬠
   ᯥ樠   樨 ⮩ 㯭.࣠-
 㯭  ⨥.⮣  㦭 . 
ᨫ  ८⨯: 뫠  58-11  ⮬  -
 .      58-11 뫠 ਤ㬠  ࠢ
 ᪨ ⨢,     쥧襩 ஡
  㬯஢,  ᨮ쭮  㯭.-
,  ६   ⨪     -
 .
.
                                - 26 -

                     

     1. .. 砪. 祭  ⨨  ᮢ᪮ 㣮
ࠢ. - ., 1969.
     2. . 쭮. ⢥⢥  ⨥  㯫.
- ., 1974.
     3... 蠥, .. ਣ. ⨥  ᮢ᪮ 㣮-
 ࠢ. - ., 1964.
     4. ୨  ⠭  㬮  客  㤮  
 ()  㣮 . - ., 1995.
     5. ਩    .   饩 ।樥
.. ⮢  .. . - ., 1996.
     6. .. . ⨥  㯫. - ., 1962.
     7.࣠ 㯭-2.   ।樥 ..  -
, ..类. - ., 1993.
     8.  ࠢ  ᮢ६ ⠯. - .-., 1992.
     9. 楢 ..  ᪮ 㣮 ࠢ.  樨. -
..1.- ., 1994.

.
                                - 27 -




                              
     1. 
     2.       
     3. 
     4. 
     5. 
     6. 
     7. 
